Department of Education

Snapshot

Between FY2019 and FY2026, Florida's population grew 11.9% and prices in the South region (CPI-U) rose 29.7%. Together they account for 45.1% growth in any figure that kept pace with the state. That is the baseline every figure below is compared to. “At the baseline” figures are what each amount would be if it had grown at exactly that rate since FY2019; “cumulative” sums the yearly difference between the actual figure and that path. They describe the arithmetic, not what the agency could or should have done. “Spending excluding construction” is the amount spent in every appropriation category except fixed capital outlay (construction and land, which is appropriated in one year, spent over several and recorded against the year appropriated) and transfers to a state trust fund or the General Revenue Fund (dollars that appear again as spending when drawn from the receiving fund). Each is shown separately where it occurs.

Fiscal years are named by the year they end in: FY2026 is July 1, 2025 to June 30, 2026. “Spending” is the amount disbursed as recorded on Transparency Florida; the “operating budget” is the year's appropriations as amended during the year. † A dagger marks a year with a data note.

Spending against the baseline

Education spending excluding construction rose from $21.70B in FY2019 to $29.30B in FY2026, 35.1%. The population-and-inflation baseline was 45.1%: at that rate the FY2026 figure would be $31.48B, so FY2026 is $2.18B below the baseline. Over the seven years FY2020–FY2026, spending excluding construction ran a cumulative $4.13B above the baseline path. (The end point and the path point different ways because earlier years ran the other way.)

FY2027 is the year in progress: its operating budget is shown and its spending to date is not compared with any baseline. “Budget not drawn in year” is the operating budget minus spending; reversions have already been taken out of the operating budget, so the gap is authority still being spent in later years or never drawn — the observations say which categories it sits in. FY2027's operating budget carries, for construction, balances from earlier years' appropriations.

Where the money comes from

Of the FY2026 operating budget (all categories, construction included), 73% was General Revenue, 14% state trust funds and an estimated 12% federal money. Spending excluding construction from state funds (General Revenue and state trust funds; General Revenue from the ledger, the trust-fund part by the fund rule) grew 34.5% between FY2019 and FY2026, below the baseline; from federal money it grew 38.6%, from $2.76B to $3.82B (the ledger pages give the General Revenue and trust-fund dollars exactly; the federal share of trust funds is estimated).

General Revenue is the state's general tax money. Trust funds hold money dedicated by law to a purpose; some are state money (licence fees, the lottery's education transfer, documentary stamp taxes), others carry federal grants. The split of trust funds into state and federal is an estimate: the Legislature's own classification of each fund (Fiscal Analysis in Brief) decides when a fund is essentially one or the other, and the agency's budget request gives the split for mixed funds. The about page gives the rule in full.

Where it goes

By budget entity

A budget entity is the unit the Legislature appropriates to inside an agency — a program, an institution, a division. Figures are spending excluding construction, the same basis as the rest of the page. Entities with spending in any of the years shown, largest in FY2026 first; an entity that rounds to zero in every column is left out. ↔ marks an entity whose change coincided with an opposite move in another entity the same year.

By appropriation category

Spending by category from the public “Amount Spent by category” pages, largest in FY2026 first; categories with no spending in any year shown are left out. Categories are the state's: salaries and benefits, expenses, special categories (contracted services and most program payments), aid to local governments, fixed capital outlay (construction), and so on.

Special categories, by name

Positions

Established positions went from 2,969 in FY2019 to 2,915 in FY2026 (−1.8%), against population growth of 11.9%; that is 1.2 positions per 10,000 residents in FY2026, from 1.4 in FY2019.

Among the agencies

Among the 31 agencies compared on the same years, Education ranks #20 of 31 on spending excluding construction growth above the baseline in percentage points, #4 of 31 on cumulative dollars above the baseline path, #2 of 31 on spending excluding construction per resident in FY2026, and #24 of 31 on growth in established positions relative to population growth.

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Key observations

What the numbers support. Descriptive, not prescriptive. Single-year changes in a budget entity are listed when the entity rose 25% or more or fell 30% or more in a year, by at least $10 million or 2% of the agency's spending excluding construction, whichever is larger; the three largest by dollars are printed.

1. Education spending excluding construction rose from $21.70B in FY2019 to $29.30B in FY2026, 35.1%. The population-and-inflation baseline was 45.1%: at that rate the FY2026 figure would be $31.48B, so FY2026 is $2.18B below the baseline. Over the seven years FY2020–FY2026, spending excluding construction ran a cumulative $4.13B above the baseline path. (The end point and the path point different ways because earlier years ran the other way.)
2. Per resident, spending excluding construction went from $1,024 in FY2019 to $1,236 in FY2026, which is $953 in FY2019 dollars.
3. Set aside from the figures above and shown separately: fixed capital outlay — construction and land, spent over several years and recorded against the year it was appropriated — was $1.87B recorded against FY2019 and $1.12B so far against FY2026, a year whose construction money is still being spent; transfers to state trust funds or the General Revenue Fund, which appear again as spending when drawn from the receiving fund, were $0 in FY2019 and $0 in FY2026, with a high of $68M in FY2015.
4. Split at the pandemic years: FY2019–FY2022 spending excluding construction grew 21.6% against a 17.3% baseline, and FY2022–FY2026 it grew 11.1% against 23.7%.
5. Of the FY2026 operating budget (all categories, construction included), 73% was General Revenue, 14% state trust funds and an estimated 12% federal money. Spending excluding construction from state funds (General Revenue and state trust funds; General Revenue from the ledger, the trust-fund part by the fund rule) grew 34.5% between FY2019 and FY2026, below the baseline; from federal money it grew 38.6%, from $2.76B to $3.82B (the ledger pages give the General Revenue and trust-fund dollars exactly; the federal share of trust funds is estimated).
6. The budget entity with the most spending above the baseline was Educational and General Activities: $3.12B in FY2019 to $4.75B in FY2026 (+52.5%, against a 45.1% baseline).
7. The budget entity furthest below the baseline was State Grants/K-12 Program - FEFP: $11.88B in FY2019 to $15.68B in FY2026 (+32.0%, against the same 45.1% baseline).
8. Established positions went from 2,969 in FY2019 to 2,915 in FY2026 (−1.8%), against population growth of 11.9%; that is 1.2 positions per 10,000 residents in FY2026, from 1.4 in FY2019.
9. In FY2026 the operating budget was $31.47B and spending $30.43B; the $1.04B difference (3%) is budget authority not drawn within the year: $681M in fixed capital outlay (construction money spent over several years), $313M in continuing appropriations (authority carried from an earlier year). Amounts that reverted at year-end are already out of the operating budget shown.
10. Among the 31 agencies compared, Education ranks #20 of 31 on spending excluding construction growth above the baseline (percentage points, FY2019–FY2026) and #4 of 31 on cumulative dollars above the baseline path.
11. Spending in Federal Grants K/12 Program went from $5.07B in FY2024 to $3.43B in FY2025 (−32.3%).
12. Spending in Federal Grants K/12 Program went from $1.88B in FY2020 to $3.28B in FY2021 (+74.5%). In that year an estimated 100% of the entity's budget was federal money.
13. Spending in Federal Grants K/12 Program went from $3.28B in FY2021 to $4.58B in FY2022 (+39.7%). In that year an estimated 100% of the entity's budget was federal money.

Questions this raises

Questions an agency or legislative staff member could answer. The records show the change; they do not show the reason.

1. What drove Educational and General Activities spending from $3.12B to $4.75B between FY2019 and FY2026?
2. What drove Federal Grants K/12 Program spending from $1.88B to $3.28B in FY2021? An estimated 100% of that entity's budget was federal money that year.
3. What drove established positions from 2,969 to 2,915 between FY2019 and FY2026, against population growth of 11.9%?

Sources and method

• Transparency Florida — Department of Education: operating budget and amount spent by budget entity, FY2026 (the same page for each year FY2015–FY2027) — Executive Office of the Governor, from the state's accounting system (FLAIR) and appropriations system (LAS/PBS)
• Transparency Florida — Department of Education: budget analyst view, with the budget-entity detail pages (appropriations by category and fund) — same source
• Transparency Florida — State Positions summary, each year — same source
• Transparency Florida — Ten-Year History of Appropriations, Department of Education (enacted appropriations by program, operations and fixed capital outlay, FY2016–FY2025) — same source
• Florida Fiscal Portal — Department of Education, Legislative Budget Request, Exhibit D-3A (used for the state / federal split of trust funds) — Executive Office of the Governor, Office of Policy and Budget
• Florida Demographic Estimating Conference, June 22, 2026 — Florida resident population, April 1 of each year — Office of Economic and Demographic Research
• CPI-U, All Items, South region (BLS series CUUR0300SA0), via FRED; July–June fiscal-year averages

Figures are amounts spent and operating budgets as recorded on Transparency Florida, the Governor's budget and spending site, for each fiscal year; positions from the same site's State Positions summary. The baseline multiplies the FY2019 figure by population growth (EDR's April 1 estimates, the one published series, no splice) and by the change in the CPI-U for the South region (July–June averages). This is an analysis of public records; it is not an examination of any agency's books, and it makes no recommendation. Method and limits: About this study. Feedback is welcome by email at rob@beachsideautomation.com.